Store the full line at 2–8°C, protected from light, sealed and refrigerated. Do not freeze, expose to direct sunlight, or leave at high temperature. Cold-chain shipping with gel ice packs does not affect activity; transfer to the specified storage temperature immediately on arrival.

The full line is compatible with manual staining platforms. Most antibodies and some companion reagents work with mainstream automated IHC stainers; fine-tune protocol parameters to your instrument.

No. Antigen presentation differs across assays; you must run pilot tests before using the antibody in another application.

Primary antibody formulations contain no cryoprotectant; freeze–thaw cycles can cause aggregation and loss of activity. We have verified stability at 2–8°C by thermal-stability testing and ongoing real-time storage monitoring.

Species reactivity for each primary antibody follows the datasheet. Listed species have been verified on tissue samples. Unlisted species are not recommended; you may see no signal or high background.

Prefer rabbit antibodies for low-abundance antigens and mouse antibodies for classic targets such as immune-cell markers. Dual staining requires primary antibodies from different host species (e.g. rabbit and mouse).

Dilution, temperature, and incubation time on the datasheet are the optimized parameters. We recommend following the standard protocol. If results are unsatisfactory, you may fine-tune based on antigen expression and your experimental conditions.

No. Secondary antibodies follow strict species-matching rules. Choose by primary host species. Common options:

• Goat anti-rabbit secondary: for rabbit primaries

• Goat anti-mouse secondary: for mouse primaries

• Universal secondary: for rabbit and mouse primaries

One-step secondaries are directly conjugated to HRP for simple manual workflows. Two-step systems use Linker (solution A) and secondary antibody (solution B); the secondary binds the primary via Linker to boost signal and sensitivity—suited to automated instruments.

HRP-labeled secondaries pair with DAB chromogen for stable brown/tan deposits, higher contrast, and long shelf life—the mainstream choice for routine IHC. AP-labeled secondaries pair with Fast-Red for higher sensitivity on low-expression targets. For routine pathology screening and research, prefer HRP.

One-step secondaries: 20 min at room temperature in a humid chamber. Two-step secondaries: 10 + 10 min at room temperature or 37°C in a humid chamber. Do not extend incubation arbitrarily—over-incubation increases non-specific binding, background, or false positives. If antigen expression is low, you may extend by 10–15 min.

Ready-to-use secondary working solutions can be used directly. Concentrated secondaries must be diluted per the datasheet.

Mix DAB chromogen and DAB buffer at 1:20, then use immediately. This is the optimized ratio—do not change it. An incorrect ratio causes weak staining, excess precipitate, or dirty background. Prepare only what you need per run.

Prepare DAB working solution fresh and use within 4 hours. Longer storage causes oxidation, brown precipitate, and loss of activity.

Store DAB stock protected from light and refrigerated. Working solution and the developing step do not require strict darkroom conditions. Optimal developing temperature is 20–25°C; low temperature slows development and high temperature may increase non-specific staining—control ambient temperature.

Yes. When positive areas are clearly stained and background is clean, stop immediately with distilled water or PBS to avoid over-development, darker background, and misinterpretation.

Citrate buffer (pH 6.0) suits a small subset of antibodies with the gentlest retrieval—often cytoplasmic and membrane antigens with minimal morphology impact. EDTA buffer (pH 8.0) suits most antibodies tested manually, with stronger retrieval for some nuclear and membrane antigens. Tris-EDTA (pH 9.0) suits most antibodies on automated platforms, with the strongest retrieval for nuclear, difficult, or low-expression antigens.

Reuse is not recommended. After heat retrieval and antigen elution, pH and ionic strength change, retrieval efficiency drops, and tissue debris may remain—leading to incomplete retrieval, uneven staining, and unreliable results.

No. Dewaxing with xylene or a dewaxing agent and graded-ethanol rehydration are essential IHC-P steps. Incomplete dewaxing or rehydration causes uneven staining.

Yes. It blocks endogenous peroxidase activity in tissue, reducing non-specific background—a required step in HRP-based detection.

We recommend 0.2% Tween-20 to reduce non-specifically bound antibody and improve clarity. Follow standard washing: 3–5 min per wash, repeated three times.

At room temperature, counterstain for 8–10 s; adjust for section thickness and reagent strength. Too light reduces nuclear contrast; too dark masks positive signal. Follow with differentiation and bluing solutions per your post-staining workflow.

A standard run needs two core controls:

• Positive control: verifies antibody activity, reagent system, and workflow.

• Negative control (blank/isotype): rules out non-specific binding, reagent contamination, and background interference.

Probably not. A normal positive control confirms reagent activity and a valid workflow. No signal on the test sample usually reflects absent antigen expression, over-fixation, antigen degradation, or improper sample storage.

Contact after-sales technical support for batch-specific QC reports, validation images, species reactivity data, standard operating procedures (SOP), and related technical documents.